PHYTOESTROGENS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN – Effects on Climacteric Symptoms, Reproductive Organs, and Markers of Bone and Vascular Health
نویسندگان
چکیده
.............................................................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 11 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.......................................................................................... 13 1. MENOPAUSE...................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Immediate climacteric symptoms............................................................................... 14 1.2 Urogenital symptoms ................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Bone loss .................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Cardiovascular disorders ............................................................................................ 16 2. HORMONE THERAPY.......................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Benefits – confirmed and disputable.......................................................................... 18 2.2 Risks – confirmed and disputable .............................................................................. 19 Breast cancer ................................................................................................................ 19 Endometrial cancer....................................................................................................... 20 Thromboembolism ....................................................................................................... 20 Stroke ........................................................................................................................... 21 Cognitive function........................................................................................................ 21 Cardiovascular disease ................................................................................................. 21 3. NON-ESTROGENIC HORMONAL ALTERNATIVES.................................................................. 22 4. NON-HORMONAL ALTERNATIVES ...................................................................................... 23 5. BIOLOGY OF PHYTOESTROGENS......................................................................................... 25 5.1 Structure and classification ........................................................................................ 25 5.2 Consumption and sources .......................................................................................... 27 5.3 Absorption and metabolism ....................................................................................... 27 5.4 Mechanism of action .................................................................................................. 28 6. CLINICAL EFFECTS OF PHYTOESTROGENS .......................................................................... 29 6.1 Climacteric symptoms................................................................................................ 29 6.2 Vaginal epithelium and endometrium........................................................................ 30 6.3 Bone ........................................................................................................................... 31 6.4 Markers of cardiovascular disease ............................................................................. 32 6.5 Breast.......................................................................................................................... 33 6.6 Cognitive function...................................................................................................... 34 AIMS OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................... 36
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